A diplomat mistakes a flower for a hat
Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, the Habsburg ambassador to Süleyman the Magnificent, sees the flowers in the Ottoman court and asks what they are called. He is told something about a tulipan — a turban, which is what they look like. He writes the hat down as the name and ships bulbs west.
The single most valuable asset in 17th-century Europe launched with a mistranslation in its whitepaper.